DEMOCRATİZATİON İN TURKEY BETWEEN 1980 AND 2004

Democratization in Turkey Between 1980 and 2004
Military coup was a move forced by Kenan Evren and his soldier friennds on 18 september 1980.İn this time,national security council (Milli Güvenlik Konseyi) was set up by general staff Kenan Evren and soldier leaders.Aim to of national security council(NSC), have making a new constitution.The new constitution for the natioal security council to replace the old politicians and even its own political party to compete at general elections.İnclude aims to draw new political system. NSC had ban old political parties before, was revoked of turkey parliamentarian by NSC.
Party leaders take into custody annd then had arrested them. Party leaders did not make politic.After the political parties and parliamentarian, industry, chambers of commerce, trade unions prohibited them and take custody theirs members.Because, the military junta had given to reconstruction of political life, priority.After terination of the cabinet announced its parliamentarian. Most of the members of the cabinet was made up of retired officers (subay) and of Kenan Evren friends, soldiers.NSC to prepare a new constitution, appointed a advisory committee (Danışma Kurulu).
Political parties was eliminated and their goods was adopted a seizure by military junta.Also with laws, higher education delivered hands conservative.
However liberal faculty members were taken from the university with 1402 law at november 1981.Anyway former junta forbidden debate to public opinion for old politic leaders.New connstitution was adopted by vote 91.37 percent.Majority of people was accepted new constitution. Then, Kenan Evren was became 7.th president of a republic.
After new constitution was adopted, kenan Evran said : General election can be done.Erdal İnönü founded Social Democratic Party (SODEP), the son of ismet İnönü.The second party was the Big Turkey party (Büyük Türkiye Partisi).The third party, Motherland party (Anavatan Partisi) was founded by Turgut Özal.Social democratic party and Big Turkey Party were blocked at the general election by generals.Motherland party were not blocked at general election because generals did not know Turgut Özal will be won.The 1983 general elections results were a very surprise. Motherland party had took of the vote 45.14 percent, Populist Party (Halkçı Parti) had took of the vote 30.46 percent.Nationalist Democracy Party (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi) was third with 27.27 percent.
İdeolog of motherland party was conservatist, traditionalist islamists and neo-fascist. As a results general elections became surprise and junta has disoppoinnted. Motherland party founded goverment in the council.But, other forbidden party liders were challenge to Turgut Özal. İn history of the turkish political an important turning point, party leaders was removal o prohibit. İn february 1987 general elections, motherland won 292 of seats in parliamentiant with of the vote 36.29 percent.ANAP government lost popularity with removal of the ban o former political leaders. Because government failed to provide in the process of democracy any progress.Government had not changed antidemocratic laws.Of this result anap lived declined.
However Kenan Evren had retired in this time who had expered becuse of the has reached 7 years.Turgut Özal became turkey’s eight president of a repuclic.After the Turgut Özal, new prime minister became Yıldırım Akbulut. İn Turgut Özal’s term (1989-1993) was political indecision.New prime minister Yıldırım Akbulut did not see much respect in society because of as puppet of the Özal.
However, kurdish revolt in 1991, körfez war had harmful effect economy o the Turkey.As a result of this, Akbulut’s government did not live well-worn.Mesut Yılmaz elected instead of Akbulut.20 october 1991 general elections, Sülayman Demirel was the first party. Demirel won 178 seats, second party anap won with 115 seats, Erdal İnönü won 88 seats and SHP was thirth party in the concil.Welfare (refah partisi) party had alliance with the neo-fascist party had received 62 seats.President Özal died in 1993.So after the Turgut Özal, Sülayman Demirel elected or president.Demirel had majority of counciel deputy.
Other hand Tansu Çiller passed to instead of Mesut Yılmaz.Çiller established coalition government with SHP.When founded coalition government Çiller said: I will be solve kurdish issue and European Union’s will be making deliberation, and she gave promise citizenship. However kurdish workers party launched rebellions since augost 1984, Turkey’s economiy was effected this rebellions.Rebellion was cost 7 million dollars. Kurdish moderate politicians were entered into council throught CHP and SHP.Kurdish parties could not enter parliament due to dam systems.Turkish political elite, especially the military section, the state of the army going to press against rebellion.When Turgut Özal prime minister and president had said but he could not process enough.Because of Turkey’s political process, many kurdish party were closed by the constitution court.However kurdish problem was discussed in international area but Turkish politicans did not find to solve.
So also DYP did not enough solve about kurdish issues.Other hand Çiller’s coalition has been any progress about European Union relations.Government had gradually declined.As a result of this, welfare was achieved great success in party elections.İn 24 december 1995 general elections, welfare party won 158 seats and won of the vote 21.38 percent.But welfare party had not founded government.Mesut Yılmaz and Tansu Çiller founded anayol coalition also Bülent Ecevit had supported this coalition against to Necmettin Erbakan.But anayol coalition was very unstable.
Economiy had very bad, budget had gave deficit. After the few days, welfare party gave council the question(gensoru) about Mesut Yılmaz. İn the result, Mesut Yılmaz had resigned on june 6. Political and economy instablity had more progress. Anayol coalition failed in this result.Refahyol coalition founded under the lidership of Necmettin Erbakan, and was declared the in 29 june 1996.İn this period postmodern coup was made by the military.İn sincan of the ankara, done a jerusalem night.İran’s ambassador, the mayor, many deputy and many welfare party’s member joined to jerusalem night.İran’s ambassador has discourse anti-secularism at this meeting, he said : Turkey should be govern with of islamic laws.So, many secular groups and army oppesed.
Particularly,military had oppesed to these matter.Mayor has been arrested. İran’s ambasssodor was declared unwanted(persona non grate). Was opened investigation to welfare party. As a result postmodern coup was made. National security council(MGK) met 28 february 1997. According to generals, politic islam is worst than kurdish worker party.Erbakan had resigned and refahyol coalition was overthrown by the secularist’s balling press.
After few days,virtue party (fazilet partisi) was ounded by the leadership Recai Kutan. A few months ater, welfare party was closed by the constitution court.Party’s goods were confiscated and party leaders has been prohibited even so, by the constitution court. Virtue party did not enough live in the political area because also virtue party closed 2001.Reasons, virtue party were oppose the secular state, so was closed by the comsitution court. After the virtue party, happiness party ( saadet partisi) and justice and devolopment party were founded.
İn the meantime Mesut Yılmaz coalition could not live a lot of.Mesut Yılmaz has resigned after an interpellation. Country, again went to general edelections in april 1999.İn this election result, Democratic Left Party(Demokratik Sol Partisi) and Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) won.These two parties took the most votes.ANAP, DYP and CHP took elections very few votes.Kurdish party (HADEP) could not get manny votes but in the majority kurdish city had received votes.Result of this election, Bülent Ecevit coalition government established.Anyway,Sülayman Demirel has expired n 5 may 2000.
Coalition government has been elected presidennt of constitution court Ahmet Nejdet Sezer.Ahmet Nejdet Sezer became the tenth presidennt of the Turkey.Coalition government which not really understand with Sezer.Between president and coalition has been fighting in february 2001.Economy crisis and political crisis was experienced in this period.This issues was the most serious incidents on the repuvlic history.Economic and political crisis could not solition.İn the country, unemployment became widespread and crime rate increased during this time.
Kemal Derviş came from the american for economy solition to the economy.As a result, taken decision election on november. 3 november election was made. This electiopn has living big surprise in the country. According to estimates,between AKP and CHP coalition is expected.Akp won of the vote 34 percent and won 363 seats in parliament.Akp was founded government in the council.Other hand chp won 180 seats in parliament.Other parties did not pass the election da system.People did not want a nnew party, wanted a new leader.Akp secular, democratic party.According to some politicians, Akp represents the elite of the anatolia’s people.
Akp’s general chairman Recep Tayyip Erdoğan did not participate in general elections.because of Erdoğan have political ban.So, government was founded by Abdullah Gül, 16 november 2001.Later, for Erdoğan constitution changed by the Akp government.Erdoğan participates in elections and erdoğan won deputy in the Siirt.Erdoğan has promised to people that like Turgut Özal.European Union relations and kurdish problem have to solve, he said when he became prime minister.
Economy and political has improved stability in the country.throughout the year,negotiations were made with European Union.CHP, Civil Society Organizations supported to Erdoğan.Other hand,nationalist security council changed the structure in this perion.Kurds were given some rights. İn local elections,voting rates inncrease further 28 march 2004.


DEMOCRATİZATİON İN TURKEY BETWEEN 1980 AND 2004